In Buddhism, representations in thangkas and statues are not deities in the Western sense of the term but rather archetypes of ideals, spiritual symbols, or manifestations of inner qualities.
Each figure seems to gaze at us with timeless serenity, peaceful strength, or infinite compassion. At first glance, they might resemble majestic deities from another world. However, their essence, much deeper, invites us to a universal understanding: they are not gods to be worshipped but mirrors of what we could become.
The figures represented (Buddhas, bodhisattvas, protectors) are not creator gods as in monotheistic or polytheistic religions. They embody states of enlightenment, spiritual qualities, or universal principles that practitioners strive to develop. For instance, Avalokiteshvara (Chenrezig) symbolizes infinite compassion, Manjushri represents transcendent wisdom, and Tara embodies active compassion. These figures serve as meditation aids, helping practitioners cultivate these qualities within themselves.
These figures can also be perceived as universal archetypes. They symbolize human potentialities and universal values such as wisdom, compassion, inner strength, and protection. By meditating on or contemplating these representations, practitioners identify with the qualities of these figures, striving to integrate them into their own lives.
Differences between the figures :
- Buddhas, such as Buddha Shakyamuni or Amitabha, represent the ultimate state of enlightenment and symbolize purity, peace, and liberation from illusions.
- Bodhisattvas: These are beings who have attained enlightenment but choose to remain in the cycle of rebirth to help others. Avalokiteshvara, the bodhisattva of compassion, often depicted with a thousand arms and a thousand heads, is the most famous incarnation.
- Protectors (Dharmapalas), such as Mahakala or Vajrapani, are powerful or wrathful manifestations that protect the Dharma (Buddhist teachings) and help overcome internal and external obstacles.
Representations in thangkas and statues :
The figures represented in thangkas and statues have a specific function in Tibetan Buddhism and other traditions:
- Meditation aids: Thangkas and statues serve as focal points in meditative practices. By visualizing or meditating on a figure, practitioners seek to understand its nature and integrate its qualities.
- Complex symbolism: Each element (color, posture, attributes, hand gestures) carries a profound meaning related to Buddhist teachings. For instance, mudras (hand gestures) represent specific states such as blessing, protection, or teaching.
- Objects of devotion: Although not worshipped as gods, these figures are respected as manifestations of enlightened beings or spiritual archetypes.
Wrathful and peaceful deities :
- Peaceful figures represent qualities such as compassion, wisdom, and inner peace.
- Wrathful figures symbolize the energy and power needed to overcome obstacles, destroy illusions, and protect the practitioner.
Buddhist figures in thangkas and statues are not deities to be worshipped but spiritual archetypes—symbolic guides that inspire practitioners and help them realize their spiritual potential. These representations remind us that the qualities they embody—wisdom, compassion, and courage—are present in everyone and can be cultivated by each of us.
